观测仪器与空间任务
望远镜、探测器、天文台和空间任务的主数据。
仪器与天文台
肉眼天文学
Human vision and geometric alignments were the first astronomical instruments.
positional instrument · ancient浑天仪
A geometric model for celestial coordinates and motions.
telescope · 1608折射望远镜
Lens-based telescope that opened telescopic astronomy.
telescope · 1668反射望远镜
Mirror-based telescope scalable to large apertures.
detector · 19th century天文光谱仪
Disperses light to reveal composition, temperature and velocity.
interferometer · 20th century射电干涉仪
Combines antennas to synthesize a much larger aperture.
space telescope · 1990哈勃空间望远镜
Flagship UV/optical/near-IR observatory above Earth atmosphere.
astrometry mission · 2014盖亚
ESA astrometry mission whose science observations ended on 15 January 2025 after mapping positions and motions of billions of stars.
space telescope · 2022詹姆斯·韦伯空间望远镜
Infrared observatory for early galaxies, star formation and exoplanet atmospheres.
radio interferometer · 2011阿塔卡马大型毫米波/亚毫米波阵列
Millimeter/submillimeter array studying cold gas, dust and planet formation.
gravitational-wave detector · 2002/2015 advanced激光干涉引力波天文台
Laser interferometers that enabled direct gravitational-wave astronomy.
neutrino detector · 2010冰立方中微子天文台
Cubic-kilometer neutrino detector embedded in Antarctic ice.
VLBI network · 2017 campaign事件视界望远镜
Earth-sized VLBI array imaging black-hole photon-ring scales.
survey telescope · 2020s薇拉·鲁宾天文台
Wide-field time-domain survey facility for the dynamic optical sky.
空间任务
旅行者1号和2号
Grand-tour probes of the giant planets and heliosphere.
NASA/ESA/ASI · 1997–2017卡西尼-惠更斯号
Saturn system orbiter and Titan lander.
NASA · 2009–2018开普勒太空望远镜
Transit survey that transformed exoplanet demographics.
NASA · 2018–present凌星系外行星巡天卫星
All-sky transit survey for nearby exoplanets.
ESA · 2009–2013普朗克卫星
Precision mapping of CMB temperature and polarization.
NASA · 2006–present新视野号
Pluto and Kuiper-belt exploration.
NASA · 2018–present帕克太阳探测器
In-situ exploration of the solar corona and inner heliosphere.
ESA · 2023–present欧几里得空间望远镜
Wide-field survey mission for dark energy, lensing and galaxy evolution.